TYPES of BATTERIES:

A. PRIMARY BATTERIES: The primary battery is a convenient source of power for portable electric and electronic devices, lighting, photographic equipment, PDA’s, communication equipment, hearing aids, watches, toys, memory backup, and a wide variety of other applications, providing freedom from utility power. 

Major advantages of the primary battery are that it is convenient, simple, and easy to use, requires little, if any, maintenance, and can be sized and shaped to fit the application. Other general advantages are good shelf life, reasonable energy and power density, reliability, and acceptable cost.

1. ZINC-CARBON BATTERIES

2. MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINUMBATTERIES

3. ALKALINE-MANGANESE DIOXIDE BATTERIES

4. MERCURIC OXIDE BATTERIES

5. SILVER OXIDE BATTERIES

6. ZINC/AIR BATTERIES

7. LITHIUM BATTERIES

8. SOLID-ELECTROLYTE BATTERIES

B. RESERVE BATTERIES: Batteries, which use highly active component materials to obtain the required high energy, high power, and/or low-temperature performance, are often designed in a reserve construction to withstand deterioration in storage and to eliminate self-discharge prior to use. These batteries are used primarily to deliver high power for relatively short periods of time after activation in such applications as radiosondes, fuzes, missiles, torpedoes, and other weapon systems. The reserve design also is used for batteries required to meet extremely long or environmentally severe storage requirements.

9. MAGNESIUM WATER-ACTIVATED BATTERIES

10. ZINC/SILVER OXIDE RESERVE BATTERIES

11. SPIN-DEPENDENT RESERVE BATTERIES

12. AMBIENT-TEMPERATURE LITHIUM ANODE RESERVE BATTERIES

13. THERMAL BATTERIES

C. SECONDARY BATTERIES: Secondary or rechargeable batteries are widely used in many applications. The most familiar are starting, lighting, and ignition (SLI) automotive applications; industrial truck materials handling equipment; and emergency and standby power. Small, secondary batteries are also being used in increasing numbers to power portable devices such as tools, toys, lighting, and photographic, radio, and more significantly, consumer electronic devices (computers, camcorders, cellular phones). More recently, secondary batteries have received renewed interest as a power source for electric and hybrid electric vehicles. Major development programs have been initiated toward improving the performance of existing battery systems and developing new systems to meet the stringent specifications of these new applications.

14. LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

15. VALVE REGULATED LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

16. IRON ELECTRODE BATTERIES

17. INDUSTRIAL AND AEROSPACE NICKEL-CADMIUM BATTERIES

18. VENTED SINTERED-PLATE NICKELCADMIUM BATTERIES

19. PORTABLE SEALED NICKELCADMIUM BATTERIES

20. PORTABLE SEALED NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES

21. PROPULSION AND INDUSTRIAL NICKEL-METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES

22. NICKEL-ZINC BATTERIES

23. NICKEL-HYDROGEN BATTERIES

24. SILVER OXIDE BATTERIES

25. RECHARGEABLE LITHIUM BATTERIES

26. LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

27. RECHARGEABLE ZINC/ALKALINE/ MANGANESE DIOXIDE BATTERIES

D. ADVANCED BATTERIES: Advanced battery technologies with characteristics such as high energy and power densities, long life, low cost, little or no maintenance, and a high degree of safety.

28. METAL/AIR BATTERIES

29. ZINC/BROMINE BATTERIES

30. SODIUM-BETA BATTERIES

31. LITHIUM/IRON SULFIDE BATTERIES

E. PORTABLE FUEL CELLS : A fuel cell is a galvanic device that continuously converts the chemical energy of a fuel (and oxidant) to electrical energy. Like batteries, fuel cells convert this energy electrochemically and are not subject to the Carnot cycle limitation of thermal engines, thus offering the potential for highly efficient conversion. The essential difference between a fuel cell and a battery is the manner for supplying the source of energy. In a fuel cell, the fuel and the oxidant are supplied continuously from an external source when power is desired. The fuel cell can produce electrical energy as long as the active materials are fed to the electrodes. In a battery, the fuel and oxidant (except for metal/ air batteries) are an integral part of the device. The battery will cease to produce electrical energy when the limiting reactant is consumed. The battery must then be replaced or recharged.